There are reports of black spider monkeys using the ground to socialize, collect food, and cross open areas ( Di Fiore, 2002 Campbell et al., 2005). ![]() Ateles chamek occurs in lowlands from northeastern Peru, northern and central Bolivia in the Noel Kempf Mercado National Park, and western Brazil in the state of Mato Grosso on the left margins of the rivers Teles Pires and Tapajós ( Wallace et al., 1996 Iwanaga and Ferrari, 2002). Among the largest platyrrhines are the atelids, such as the black spider monkey ( Ateles chamek), which may weight up to 10 kg and has two common characteristics of the subfamily Atelinae: immigration and movement through semibrachiation ( Chapman and Chapman, 1989 Chapman and Chapman, 1990 Campbell et al. The only reports of swimming refer to large primates, such as Alouatta palliata, Cacajao melanocephulus, as well as large species of Old World cercopithecoids: Macaca radiata (bonnet macaque), Nasalis larvatus (proboscis monkeys), Papio anubis (olive baboon), Macaca fuscata (Japanese macaques), Pan troglodytes (chimpazee), and Pongo pygmaeus (bornean orangutan) ( Wata, 1981 Yeager, 1991 Forthman, 2000 Agormoorthy et al., 2000 Gonzalez-Socoloske and Snarr, 2010 Bezerra et al., 2010 Bender and Bender, 2013). Some platyrrhines, such as Cebus, Cacajao, Aotus, and Saimiri, can inhabit or use swamps and seasonally flooded areas, but they do not swim between habitat patches (Socoloske and Kymberley, 2010 Bezerra et al., 2010). There are few records of New World primate species swimming ( Parnell and Buchanan-Smith, 2001). Hence, rivers drive, inter and intraspecific differentiation patterns in the distribution of Amazonian primates ( Ayres and Glutton-Brock, 1992). ![]() Rivers are impenetrable barriers to the dispersal of several vertebrate species, and, in some cases, they interrupt the expansion of species from their origin centers and gene flow between populations of sister species from opposite margins ( Sick, 1967 Hershkovitz, 1977 Ayres and Glutton-Brock, 1992 Gascon et al., 2000). Rivers are considered to influence the current patterns of ecological and genetic variation of Amazonian species and communities ( Gascon et al., 2000).
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